\nFeature<\/strong><\/td>\nTurabian (9th ed.)<\/strong><\/td>\nChicago Manual of Style (17th ed.)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\n| Audience<\/td>\n | Students writing research papers, theses<\/a>, dissertations<\/a><\/td>\n | Professional publishers, editors, scholars<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Primary purpose<\/td>\n | Academic paper writing and submission<\/td>\n | Manuscript preparation for publication<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Length<\/td>\n | ~400 pages<\/td>\n | ~1,000 pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Paper formatting rules<\/td>\n | Detailed: title page, heading levels, margins, pagination<\/td>\n | Minimal: publishers set their own house style<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Citation formats<\/td>\n | Identical to Chicago<\/td>\n | Identical to Turabian<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Research and writing guidance<\/td>\n | Included<\/td>\n | Not included<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Cost and availability<\/td>\n | Widely available in print and digital formats<\/td>\n | Available via subscription or purchase<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/p>\n When a professor says ‘use Chicago style,’ they almost always mean the Turabian guidelines are appropriate. If uncertain, confirm with your instructor whether they want the full Chicago Manual or the Turabian student guide.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \n- <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n <\/span>Notes-Bibliography vs. Author-Date: Which Citation System Should You Use?<\/span><\/h2>\nTurabian offers two citation systems. You must choose one and use it consistently throughout the paper. The correct choice depends on your academic discipline.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \n\n\nFeature<\/strong><\/td>\nNotes-bibliography<\/strong><\/td>\nAuthor-date<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\n| How sources appear in text<\/td>\n | Superscript number referring to a footnote or endnote<\/td>\n | Parenthetical citation: (Author Year, page)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| End-of-paper list title<\/td>\n | Bibliography<\/td>\n | References<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Typical disciplines<\/td>\n | Humanities: history, literature, philosophy, arts<\/td>\n | Sciences, social sciences, education, business<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Flexibility for unusual sources<\/td>\n | High: notes can carry additional commentary<\/td>\n | Lower: limited to parenthetical format<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Reader experience<\/td>\n | Citations stay out of the main text flow<\/td>\n | Author and year visible in the text itself<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/p>\n If your assignment sheet specifies neither system, check your department’s conventions. History and literature courses almost always use notes-bibliography. Sociology, economics, and education courses typically use author-date. When still uncertain, ask your instructor directly.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/span>Turabian Citation Format: Notes-Bibliography Examples<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/span>Books<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nCitation type<\/strong><\/td>\nFormat and example<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\n| Full footnote<\/td>\n | Author First Last, Title: Subtitle (Place: Publisher, Year), page. Example: Jan Swafford, The Vintage Guide to Classical Music (New York: Vintage, 1992), 518.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Short note<\/td>\n | Author Last, Shortened Title, page. Example: Swafford, Vintage Guide, 345.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Bibliography entry<\/td>\n | Author Last, First. Title: Subtitle. Place: Publisher, Year. Example: Swafford, Jan. The Vintage Guide to Classical Music. New York: Vintage, 1992.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/p>\n <\/span>Book Chapters<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nCitation type<\/strong><\/td>\nFormat and example<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\n| Full footnote<\/td>\n | Author First Last, “Chapter Title,” in Book Title, ed. Editor First Last (Place: Publisher, Year), page. Example: Isobel Grundy, “Jane Austen and Literary Traditions,” in The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen, ed. Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 195.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Short note<\/td>\n | Author Last, “Shortened Chapter Title,” page. Example: Grundy, “Austen and Literary Traditions,” 211.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Bibliography entry<\/td>\n | Author Last, First. “Chapter Title.” In Book Title, edited by Editor First Last, page range. Place: Publisher, Year. Example: Grundy, Isobel. “Jane Austen and Literary Traditions.” In The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen, edited by Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster, 192-214. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/p>\n <\/span>Journal Articles<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nCitation type<\/strong><\/td>\nFormat and example<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\n| Full footnote<\/td>\n | Author First Last, “Article Title,” Journal Name Volume, no. Issue (Season Year): page. DOI. Example: Ann Effland, “Small Farms\/Family Farms: Tracing a History of Definitions and Meanings,” Agricultural History 95, no. 2 (Spring 2021): 315. doi:10.3098\/ah.2021.095.2.313.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Short note<\/td>\n | Author Last, “Shortened Title,” page. Example: Effland, “Small Farms\/Family Farms,” 325.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Bibliography entry<\/td>\n | Author Last, First. “Article Title.” Journal Name Volume, no. Issue (Season Year): page range. DOI. Example: Effland, Ann. “Small Farms\/Family Farms: Tracing a History of Definitions and Meanings.” Agricultural History 95, no. 2 (Spring 2021): 313-330. doi:10.3098\/ah.2021.095.2.313.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/p>\n <\/span>Websites<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nCitation type<\/strong><\/td>\nFormat and example<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\n| Full footnote<\/td>\n | Author First Last, “Page Title,” Website Name, Month Day, Year, URL. Example: Pritha Bhandari, “How to Write a Lab Report,” Scriber, May 20, 2021, scriber.com\/methodology\/lab-report.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Short note<\/td>\n | Author Last, “Shortened Page Title.” Example: Bhandari, “Lab Report.”<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Bibliography entry<\/td>\n | Author Last, First. “Page Title.” Website Name. Month Day, Year. URL. Example: Bhandari, Pritha. “How to Write a Lab Report.” Scriber. May 20, 2021. scriber.com\/methodology\/lab-report.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| No publication date<\/td>\n | Replace date with “Accessed Month Day, Year” in bibliography, and use “n.d.” in author-date in-text citations.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/p>\n <\/span>Turabian Citation Format: Author-Date Examples<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nSource type<\/strong><\/td>\nReference list entry<\/strong><\/td>\nIn-text citation<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\n| Book<\/td>\n | Swafford, Jan. 1992. The Vintage Guide to Classical Music. New York: Vintage.<\/td>\n | (Swafford 1992, 518)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Book chapter<\/td>\n | Grundy, Isobel. 2011. “Jane Austen and Literary Traditions.” In The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen, edited by Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster, 192-214. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/td>\n | (Grundy 2011, 195)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Journal article<\/td>\n | Effland, Ann. 2021. “Small Farms\/Family Farms: Tracing a History of Definitions and Meanings.” Agricultural History 95, no. 2 (Spring): 313-330. doi:10.3098\/ah.2021.095.2.313.<\/td>\n | (Effland 2021, 315)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Website<\/td>\n | Bhandari, Pritha. 2021. “How to Write a Lab Report.” Scriber. May 20, 2021. scriber.com.<\/td>\n | (Bhandari 2021)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Website, no date<\/td>\n | Author Last, First. n.d. “Page Title.” Website Name. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.<\/td>\n | (Author n.d.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/p>\n <\/span>Turabian Et Al. Rules: How to Cite Multiple Authors<\/span><\/h2>\nThe rules for listing multiple authors differ depending on the citation type and the number of authors. Apply the table below consistently.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \n\n\nNumber of authors<\/strong><\/td>\nFootnote or in-text citation<\/strong><\/td>\nBibliography or reference list<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\n| 1 author<\/td>\n | Full name<\/td>\n | Last, First.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 2 authors<\/td>\n | First Last and First Last<\/td>\n | Last, First, and First Last.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 3 authors (notes-bibliography)<\/td>\n | First Last, First Last, and First Last (full note); First Last et al. (short note and in-text)<\/td>\n | List all three authors.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 4-6 authors<\/td>\n | First author only, followed by et al.<\/td>\n | List all authors.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 7 or more authors<\/td>\n | First author only, followed by et al.<\/td>\n | List first three authors, then et al.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/p>\n Example full footnote (four authors): Jay M. Bernstein et al., Art and Aesthetics after Adorno (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), 276.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Example bibliography entry (four authors): Bernstein, Jay M., Claudia Brodsky, Anthony J. Cascardi, and Thierry de Duve. Art and Aesthetics after Adorno. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |