{"id":904,"date":"2021-04-23T16:10:22","date_gmt":"2021-04-23T16:10:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/?p=904"},"modified":"2023-01-05T06:01:57","modified_gmt":"2023-01-05T06:01:57","slug":"citations-publishing-academic-career","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/citations-publishing-academic-career\/","title":{"rendered":"Citations In Publishing And The Academic Career"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_910\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-910\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-910 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/pexels-cottonbro-4861375-1-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Citations In Publishing And The Academic Career\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/pexels-cottonbro-4861375-1-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/pexels-cottonbro-4861375-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/pexels-cottonbro-4861375-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/pexels-cottonbro-4861375-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-910\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/@cottonbro?utm_content=attributionCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=pexels\">cottonbro<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0from\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/photo\/woman-in-white-robe-reading-book-4861375\/?utm_content=attributionCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=pexels\">Pexels<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A scientist\u2019s standing in the research community is based largely on the quantity and quality of their publications. Citations are a way to uniquely identify a published work. They consist of standard elements and contain all the information necessary to identify and track publications. The style of citations in the text and the reference list may differ depending on <em>what<\/em> is being cited (journal article, book, website, etc.) and which <em>style<\/em> is used to format them (APA, ACS, etc.). Formatting citations and reference lists can be tedious, but citation software like Endnote, Mendeley, and Zotero can make the process easier.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/citations-publishing-academic-career\/#How_can_authors_find_citations\" title=\"How can authors find citations?\">How can authors find citations?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/citations-publishing-academic-career\/#Citation_analysis_and_some_important_metrics\" title=\"Citation analysis and some important metrics\">Citation analysis and some important metrics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/citations-publishing-academic-career\/#How_can_authors_increase_citations_to_their_work\" title=\"How can authors increase citations to their work?\">How can authors increase citations to their work?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/citations-publishing-academic-career\/#Cite_right\" title=\"Cite right!\">Cite right!<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_can_authors_find_citations\"><\/span><strong>How can authors find citations?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Broadly, authors can find citations to relevant studies in three ways. First, they can follow references back to other publications citing former studies. Review articles are a great resource for identifying such references. Second, young researchers can consult an expert in the field, who can point them in the direction of important papers. The third route is via citation indexing. Citation indexing makes links between literature published in the past and articles citing these older publications. This also allows one to identify which articles have cited the articles of any particular author or have been cited most frequently.<\/p>\n<p>Science Citation Index (SCI), the first <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citation_index\">citation index<\/a> for papers published in academic journals, was introduced by the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institute_for_Scientific_Information\">Institute for Scientific Information<\/a> (now owned by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clarivate_Analytics\">Clarivate Analytics<\/a>). SCI Expanded (SCIE) is a larger version, available through online platforms such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_of_Science\">Web of Science<\/a> (WoS). Another index is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/home.uri\">Scopus<\/a>, the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature in diverse fields in science and social science. Authors may also explore subject-specific citation indexes such as <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/\">PubMed<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">While WoS and Scopus are available by subscription, freely available options include Google Scholar and <a href=\"https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/index\">CiteSeerX<\/a>. (Are you curious about how many and which papers have cited a particular paper? This can be checked by clicking on the \u201cCited by\u201d field in Google Scholar, as shown in Figure 1).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_905\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-905\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-905 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Finding-citations-to-a-particular-paper-using-Google-Scholar-1024x512.png\" alt=\"Finding citations to a particular paper using Google Scholar\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Finding-citations-to-a-particular-paper-using-Google-Scholar-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Finding-citations-to-a-particular-paper-using-Google-Scholar-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Finding-citations-to-a-particular-paper-using-Google-Scholar-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Finding-citations-to-a-particular-paper-using-Google-Scholar.png 1330w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-905\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Finding citations to a particular paper using Google Scholar<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Citation_analysis_and_some_important_metrics\"><\/span><strong>Citation analysis and some important metrics<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Citation analysis is the study of the impact and quality of an article, author, journal, or even institution based on the number of times papers or authors have been cited by others. Citation analysis enables a researcher to assess the impact a particular article has had, to find out more about a field or topic, and to quantify a particular author\u2019s impact. Several quantitative indices are available to analyze and compare academic impact, which differ in the way they are calculated and the database they are based on (WoS, Scopus, and Google Scholar).<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Author-level metrics<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Besides simple measures such as total publications or total citations for an author, the following metrics are popular for obtaining a comprehensive picture of author-level impact.<\/p>\n<p><em>h-index:<\/em> The Hirsch index or h-index is defined as the number of papers (h) with a citation number \u2265 h. For example, a person with an h-index of 15 has 15 articles with 15 or more citations. Variations of the h-index are as follows.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><a href=\"http:\/\/guides.library.cornell.edu\/c.php?g=32272&amp;p=203393\">i10-index<\/a><\/em> represents the number of publications with at least 10 citations, e.g., for someone with 28 articles with 10 or more citations, the i10-index is 28.<\/li>\n<li><em><a href=\"https:\/\/harzing.com\/pophelp\/metrics.htm#gindex\">g-index<\/a><\/em> gives more weight to an author\u2019s highly cited articles. Therefore, the g-index may be greatly influenced by a particularly successful paper.<\/li>\n<li><em>h5-index <\/em>is the h-index for articles published in the last 5 complete years.<\/li>\n<li><em>h5-median <\/em>for a publication is the median number of citations for the articles that make up its h5-index.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life?utm_source=contentmarketing&amp;utm_medium=r-blog&amp;utm_campaign=citations-publishing-academic-career\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2599 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MicrosoftTeams-image-14.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2600\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MicrosoftTeams-image-14.png 2600w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MicrosoftTeams-image-14-300x65.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MicrosoftTeams-image-14-1024x222.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MicrosoftTeams-image-14-768x167.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MicrosoftTeams-image-14-1536x333.png 1536w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MicrosoftTeams-image-14-2048x444.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2600px) 100vw, 2600px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Journal-level metrics<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Metrics by Clarivate Analytics<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Journal impact factor<\/em> (IF or JIF) reflects the yearly average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal. These can further be classified as 2-year IF or 5-year IF.<\/li>\n<li><em>Eigenfactor<\/em> score measures the importance of a journal by considering the origin of the incoming citations.<\/li>\n<li><em>Article influence score<\/em>, based on the Eigenfactor, determines the average influence of a journal\u2019s articles over the first five years after publication.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Metrics by Scopus<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>CiteScore<\/em> was intended as an alternative to the JIF.<\/li>\n<li><em>S<\/em><em>ource normalized impact per paper (SNIP)<\/em> enables direct comparison of journals in different subject fields.<\/li>\n<li><em>SCImago journal rank (SJR)<\/em> accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance of those journals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Immediacy index:<\/em> This is measured by the number of total citations of articles published in a given year divided by the number of total articles published in that year.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Article-level metrics<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Article-level metrics (ALMs) can include citation counts and the number of times an article has been downloaded. Recent\u00a0ALMs aim to measure the research impact of an article in a more meaningful and transparent manner, beyond citations.<\/p>\n<p><em>Altmetrics:<\/em> Tools providing article-level alternative metrics based on online sources and algorithms are Altmetric.com, Plum Analytics, ImpactStory, and ALM-PLoS. Altmetric.com uses news and media outlets, publicly visible posts on social media, academic social platforms (Mendeley, F1000), scholarly blogs, and policy documents to search for \u201cmentions.\u201d The Altmetric score of attention is calculated by counting and weighing the value of different types of mentions, depicted by a color-coded Altmetric \u201cdonut.\u201d Further, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.altmetric.com\/blog\/dimensions-badges-a-new-way-to-see-citations\/\">Dimensions badge<\/a>, an interactive visualization, showcases citation data for individual publications (see Figure 2).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_906\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-906\" style=\"width: 281px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-906 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/An-example-of-publication-metrics-for-online-impact-displayed-for-a-published-paper-281x300.png\" alt=\"An example of publication metrics for online impact displayed for a published paper\" width=\"281\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/An-example-of-publication-metrics-for-online-impact-displayed-for-a-published-paper-281x300.png 281w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/An-example-of-publication-metrics-for-online-impact-displayed-for-a-published-paper.png 432w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-906\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. An example of publication metrics for online impact displayed for a published paper<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_can_authors_increase_citations_to_their_work\"><\/span><strong>How can authors increase citations to their work?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Here are some tips for researchers to widen the exposure of their articles and ramp up the likelihood their work being cited.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Submission to indexed journals<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For a journal to be successful in current times, it must be indexed in an online academic database. An indexed database contributes to the overall quality of scientific information. Further, <a href=\"https:\/\/jov.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2193506\">download counts<\/a> are becoming almost as important as citation counts; therefore, submission to an online indexed journal would confer a better chance of increasing exposure versus a print-only journal or one that is not indexed in well-known databases.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Submission to open access journals<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Open access (OA) journals are growing in popularity because articles published in such journals are more accessible than ones published in subscription-based journals. In fact, an article published in an OA journal is likely to be cited <a href=\"https:\/\/knowledgeunbound.mitpress.mit.edu\/pub\/iuhgil8g\/release\/1\">more often (40\u2013250%, depending on the field)<\/a> than in a subscription-based journal.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Harnessing the power of social media<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A good way to amass citations is by actively promoting one\u2019s research on social media platforms. These platforms include Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, as well as academic social platforms like LinkedIn, Mendeley, and ResearchGate. Researchers engaging in Twitter activity have been found to be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.impact.science\/twitter-to-get-you-going-how-this-bite-sized-social-media-platform-can-take-your-research-to-the-right-audience\/\">more likely<\/a> to have their research cited by others.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Publishing on preprint servers<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Preprints are gaining popularity across research fields; this practice <\/em>ensures a researcher\u2019s claim of priority to their work and attracts constructive comments before peer review. However, another advantage is that it might <a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/fullarticle\/2670247\">increase Altmetric attention scores and citations<\/a> for the final published paper.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Forging fruitful collaborations<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Academic networks can determine academic success\u00a0and have an impact on the <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11192-017-2309-y\">speed<\/a>\u00a0and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1751157718304206\">likelihood<\/a> of publication\u00a0in journals. Further, early-career researchers coauthoring papers with highly cited scientists in their field have been found to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-019-13130-4\">garner more citations than their peers<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cite_right\"><\/span><strong>Cite right!<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Researchers compete to have their research published in the most prestigious journals for career advancement. Ultimately, a scholar\u2019s citation ranking is an indication of their academic performance. This pressure can lead to <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0187394\">citation manipulation<\/a>. Researchers should steer clear of these practices, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02479-7\">excessive self-citation<\/a>. Further, it is important that an author should cite an article only if they have read and <strong>understood the entire article<\/strong> to avoid misinterpretation. Proper attribution also helps avoid <a href=\"https:\/\/libguides.mit.edu\/citing#plagiarism\">plagiarism<\/a>; when using another person\u2019s words verbatim, the text should be included in quotation marks, and that study should be cited. It is also important for authors to be aware of <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org\/2019\/09\/25\/fighting-citation-pollution\/\">citation \u201cpollution,\u201d<\/a> which refers to citations to articles in fraudulent or predatory journals. It is imperative that researchers manually vet the sources they intend to cite.<\/p>\n<p>An assortment of nuanced metrics can be used to assess impact\u2014for author, journal, or article\u2014and these continue to evolve. Researchers should maximize the use of available citation indexes and follow the tips described to increase their impact in a meaningful, responsible, and ethical manner.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A scientist\u2019s standing in the research community is based largely on the quantity and quality of their publications. Citations are a way to uniquely identify<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":910,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":0,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}","footnotes":""},"categories":[488,63,1],"tags":[95,96,97,31,34],"class_list":["post-904","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-academic-writing","category-research-tips","category-researcher-life","tag-citation-analysis","tag-citation-metrics","tag-increase-citations","tag-research-paper","tag-scholarly-publishing"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Citations In Publishing And The Academic Career - Researcher.Life<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn more on increasing citations in your research, finding the right citations, citation analysis and important metrics, only on Researcher.Life.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/citations-publishing-academic-career\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Citations In Publishing And The Academic Career - 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