{"id":3490,"date":"2022-10-20T05:49:02","date_gmt":"2022-10-20T05:49:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/?p=3490"},"modified":"2024-05-21T05:59:21","modified_gmt":"2024-05-21T05:59:21","slug":"reproducibility-in-science-and-research","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/reproducibility-in-science-and-research\/","title":{"rendered":"Reproducibility and Replicability in Research: Challenges and Way Forward"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_3492\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3492\" style=\"width: 1920px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3492\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/pexels-pixabay-206493.jpg\" alt=\"Reproducibility in research: Challenges and way forward\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1278\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/pexels-pixabay-206493.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/pexels-pixabay-206493-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/pexels-pixabay-206493-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/pexels-pixabay-206493-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/pexels-pixabay-206493-1536x1022.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3492\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Pixabay on Pexels<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Sir Isaac Newton has famously said, &#8220;If I have seen further, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.&#8221; This phrase is also the basis of research. Apart from being novel and significant, replicability and reproducibility in research is critical for other scholars to be able to build on your work and make new discoveries.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/reproducibility-in-science-and-research\/#What_does_reproducibility_in_science_and_research_mean\" title=\"What does reproducibility in science and research mean?\">What does reproducibility in science and research mean?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/reproducibility-in-science-and-research\/#Challenges_with_reproducibility_and_replicability_in_research\" title=\"Challenges with reproducibility and replicability in research\">Challenges with reproducibility and replicability in research<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/reproducibility-in-science-and-research\/#Reproducibility_and_replicability_in_research_Challenges_and_way_ahead1\" title=\"Reproducibility and replicability in research: Challenges and way ahead1\">Reproducibility and replicability in research: Challenges and way ahead1<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/reproducibility-in-science-and-research\/#1_Difficulties_dealing_with_complex_data\" title=\"1. Difficulties dealing with complex data\">1. Difficulties dealing with complex data<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/reproducibility-in-science-and-research\/#2_Limited_access_to_research_materials_methodologies_or_raw_data\" title=\"2. Limited access to research materials, methodologies, or raw data\">2. Limited access to research materials, methodologies, or raw data<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/reproducibility-in-science-and-research\/#3_Use_of_invalidated_or_contaminated_biomaterials\" title=\"3. Use of invalidated or contaminated biomaterials\">3. Use of invalidated or contaminated biomaterials<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/reproducibility-in-science-and-research\/#4_Poor_research_practices_and_incorrect_experimental_design\" title=\"4. Poor research practices and incorrect experimental design\">4. Poor research practices and incorrect experimental design<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/reproducibility-in-science-and-research\/#5_Rewarding_positive_findings_but_ignoring_negative_results\" title=\"5. Rewarding positive findings but ignoring negative results\">5. Rewarding positive findings but ignoring negative results<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/reproducibility-in-science-and-research\/#References\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_does_reproducibility_in_science_and_research_mean\"><\/span><strong>What does reproducibility in science and research mean?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Reproducibility in science and research means that others are able to come up with the same results using the data and methods as defined in the original study. Being able to repeat experiments only to get the same results is seen as validation of the original research, which in turn is considered as a reliable source for future developments in the same or related field of study. Stanford University medical researcher and a leading scholar on the topic of reproducibility in science, John Ioannidis says reproducibility in science is not linked with ensuring the \u2018correctness\u2019 of results, it\u2019s an important aspect to ensure transparency of the journey to reaching the conclusions in any research study.<sup>1<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>In the recent past, several published studies have crumbled when subjected to scrutiny.<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0This has raised reproducibility in science as an important topic of discussion in the academic community. Without scientific reproducibility and replicability in research, researchers often end up wasting time, effort and research funds when following up on false leads, mainly because of ambiguity in the methodology used. This often leads to unnecessary delays in research, and even worse, can lead to incorrect or conflicting results that are not publishable. Moreover, it erodes public trust in scientific research.<\/p>\n<p>In a 2014 white paper, the American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) provided a multi-tier explanation of reproducibility in science, explaining the different types of replicability in research.<sup>3<\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Direct Replication: <\/strong>This is when the original experiments are replicated using the same materials, methods, and conditions to get the previously observed results.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conceptual Replication:<\/strong> This is when the validity of a concept is evaluated using a different paradigm or situation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Systematic Replication:<\/strong> This refers to the use of different experimental conditions to replicate the results in a previously published study.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Analytic Replication:<\/strong> This is the attempt to reanalyze the original data shared in order to reproduce the same scientific results<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Challenges_with_reproducibility_and_replicability_in_research\"><\/span><strong>Challenges with reproducibility and replicability in research<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>While a basic expectation from an author is the reproducibility in science, it is not always the case. Several research studies, especially in biomedical research, present significant findings that cannot be replicated. This was proven by a Nature survey in 2016 that showed more than 70% of researchers in the field of biology were unable to replicate the findings of other scientists, and approximately 60% researchers were unable to reproduce their own results.<sup>1<\/sup> This may raise doubts about the efficacy of the research hypothesis and the various methods used to come up with the results.<\/p>\n<p>Reproducibility and replicability in research are issues that many institutes and funding agencies are keen to resolve. Failures in scientific reproducibility, however, cannot be attributed to any one reason. Take a look at the key factors affecting reproducibility in science.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reproducibility_and_replicability_in_research_Challenges_and_way_ahead1\"><\/span><strong>Reproducibility and replicability in research: Challenges and way ahead<sup>1<\/sup><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Difficulties_dealing_with_complex_data\"><\/span><strong>1. Difficulties dealing with complex data<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A lack of understanding on the part of researchers on how to manage, analyze and store complex data correctly can lead to problems with replicability in research. Moreover, advances in technology and newer methodologies are not standardized, which could introduce biases and variations that result in misinterpretations or incorrect results.<\/p>\n<p><strong>To mitigate these problems, researchers should be trained, not only to structure experiments and analyse results effectively, but also to strictly follow best practices in statistical methods and study design.<\/strong> This increased awareness and training can improve authenticity and validity of researchers\u2019 statistical data and boost the chances of scientific\u00a0replicability in research.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Limited_access_to_research_materials_methodologies_or_raw_data\"><\/span><strong>2. Limited access to research materials, methodologies, or raw data<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In order to ensure reproducibility of results, academics need access to original data, methods, and key research materials. However, this is often not the case and researchers are forced to start from scratch and figure out how to get the previous results.<\/p>\n<p>In order to ensure reproducibility in science and research, data sharing systems should be made openly and freely available. <strong>One way to do this would be to share raw data from previously published work in a public database so that researchers can select results that support or confirm existing concepts or results.<\/strong> This would help reduce confusion, cut down on researcher effort, encourage collaboration and speed up the pace of reliable, replicable scientific discoveries.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1878 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Sample-3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2500\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Sample-3.png 2500w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Sample-3-300x58.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Sample-3-1024x197.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Sample-3-768x147.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Sample-3-1536x295.png 1536w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Sample-3-2048x393.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Use_of_invalidated_or_contaminated_biomaterials\"><\/span><strong>3. Use of invalidated or contaminated biomaterials<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Reproducibility in science can be affected by the use of biomaterials that cannot be traced back to the original source, are not verified, or have not been stored properly. The use of contaminated or misidentified materials can also lead to questionable or invalid results, which have issues with scientific reproducibility of research.<\/p>\n<p><strong>One way to overcome this challenge is by ensuring data integrity with the use of biomaterials that are verified and can be traced back to the original source.<\/strong> It is also important to ensure the use uncontaminated materials that is evaluated frequently for quality in order to create reliable research results that are also likely to be replicable and reproducible.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Poor_research_practices_and_incorrect_experimental_design\"><\/span><strong>4. Poor research practices and incorrect experimental design<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>While working in the laboratory, a lack of clear experimental parameters or poorly designed studies, where the methodology is not reported correctly, has a big impact on reproducibility in research. It is critical for scholars to pay attention to how they plan and design their laboratory experiments, which should be based on an in-depth, unbiased study of existing evidence.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In order to ensure reproducibility and replicability in research, it is crucial for researchers to clearly note and report key experimental parameters, including the kinds of tools, equipment, and standards used, to explain how statistical analysis was conducted, and how data was interpreted.<\/strong> The detailed and accurate description of the research methodology used to come up with previously published results can also help other researchers replicate the experiments effectively, which helps boost reproducibility in science and research.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Rewarding_positive_findings_but_ignoring_negative_results\"><\/span><strong>5. Rewarding positive findings but ignoring negative results<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In a highly competitive research landscape, the tendency is to reward and recognize novel findings that prove a hypothesis instead of research with negative results. This competitiveness also limits the extent of data or details researchers share about learnings through experiments that do not work. <strong>The rampant under-reporting of research with seemingly insignificant results can cost researchers the loss of precious time, effort and money and further hamper reproducibility and replicability in research.<sup>4<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>There is a need for more platforms and better awareness of the need to publish negative results, which could help researchers avoid duplicate efforts in trying to replicate irreproducible research. Further support by institutes, funders, and publishers to promote and publish research with negative data that is not considered as innovative or high impact could help academics interpret results better and adjust their experimental design to optimize the use of resources and efforts.<\/p>\n<p>In the scientific publishing sphere, it is critical to understand that bad science only works to undercut overall trust in research but also impacts a researcher\u2019s credibility. While researchers are expected to ensure replicability in research results, top funders and publishers also need to work toward highlighting issues with reproducibility in research and encourage better practices among scientists.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"References\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Six factors affecting reproducibility in life science research and how to handle them. Nature Portfolio. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d42473-019-00004-y#ref-CR1\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d42473-019-00004-y#ref-CR1<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Resnik D.B., Shamoo A.E. Reproducibility and Research Integrity. PubMed Central, November 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5244822\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5244822\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Walter P. On Reproducibility and Clocks. President\u2019s Column, ASCB, April 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ascb.org\/publications-columns\/presidents-column\/on-reproducibility-and-clocks\/\">https:\/\/www.ascb.org\/publications-columns\/presidents-column\/on-reproducibility-and-clocks\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Nimpf S., Keays D.A. Why (and how) we should publish negative data. EMBO Reports, January 2020. PubMed Central <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6945059\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6945059\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">R Discovery is a literature search and research reading platform that accelerates your research discovery journey by keeping you updated on the latest, most relevant scholarly content. With 250M+ research articles sourced from trusted aggregators like CrossRef, Unpaywall, PubMed, PubMed Central, Open Alex and top publishing houses like Springer Nature, JAMA, IOP, Taylor &amp; Francis, NEJM, BMJ, Karger, SAGE, Emerald Publishing and more, R Discovery puts a world of\u00a0 research at your fingertips.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Try R Discovery Prime FREE for 1 week or upgrade at just US$72 a year<\/span><\/i><\/b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> to access premium features that let you listen to research on the go, read in your language, collaborate with peers, auto sync with reference managers, and much more. Choose a simpler, smarter way to find and read research \u2013 <\/span><\/i><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Download the app and <\/span><\/i><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/rdiscoverymarketing.page.link\/reproducibility-in-science-and-research\"><b><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">start your free 7-day trial today<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/a><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">!<\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sir Isaac Newton has famously said, &#8220;If I have seen further, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.&#8221; This phrase is also the<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3492,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":0,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}","footnotes":""},"categories":[488,37,487],"tags":[429],"class_list":["post-3490","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-academic-writing","category-r-discovery","category-research-reading","tag-reproducibility-in-research"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Reproducibility and Replicability in Research: Challenges and Way Forward | Researcher.Life<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Apart from being novel and significant, reproducibility and replicability in research is critical for scholars to be able to build on their work and make new discoveries. 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