{"id":3073,"date":"2022-09-21T04:29:14","date_gmt":"2022-09-21T04:29:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/?p=3073"},"modified":"2024-02-19T11:40:32","modified_gmt":"2024-02-19T11:40:32","slug":"retractions-in-academic-publishing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/retractions-in-academic-publishing\/","title":{"rendered":"Retractions in Academic Publishing and How it Impacts Researchers"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-3077 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/pexels-anna-shvets-5257276-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Retractions in academic publishing and impact on researchers\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/pexels-anna-shvets-5257276-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/pexels-anna-shvets-5257276-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/pexels-anna-shvets-5257276-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/pexels-anna-shvets-5257276-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Article retraction in academic publishing means removal of a published article from the journal (both from online and print channels). This is a last resort for journals, who retract disputed papers both for deliberate fraud and honest errors by the researchers. Although still a relatively uncommon occurrence, article retractions in academic publishing have increased in the last decade by up to 10 folds<sup>1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>It is unclear whether this is because malpractice has increased or because journals have become more watchful; the majority, however, favors the latter. Researchers, their institutions, and publishers all bear the brunt of retracted study, which also harms the reputation of the journals in the scientific community. <strong>If the misconduct is serious and involves an ethical breach involving human or animal subjects, the alleged research author(s) may lose their jobs, peer recognition and citations, funding opportunities, and scientific credibility<sup>2<\/sup>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/retractions-in-academic-publishing\/#What_leads_to_retractions_in_academic_publishing\" title=\"What leads to retractions in academic publishing?\">What leads to retractions in academic publishing?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/retractions-in-academic-publishing\/#Retraction_in_academic_publishing_Whats_the_cost_of_retraction_for_researchers_and_research\" title=\"Retraction in academic publishing:\u00a0What\u2019s the cost of retraction for researchers and research?\">Retraction in academic publishing:\u00a0What\u2019s the cost of retraction for researchers and research?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/retractions-in-academic-publishing\/#How_to_report_scientific_misconduct\" title=\"How to report scientific misconduct\">How to report scientific misconduct<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/retractions-in-academic-publishing\/#References\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_leads_to_retractions_in_academic_publishing\"><\/span><strong>What leads to retractions in academic publishing?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>To understand the reasons for disputed <strong>retractions in academic publishing<\/strong>, let\u2019s first understand the three primary causes that lead to retraction which are; honest errors, deliberate or unintentional fraud (scientific misconduct), and others<sup>3<\/sup>. The first two categories will be covered in more detail in this article, and the third category is only used when the journal has not provided a clear justification for the retraction.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW45652167 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight SCXW45652167 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-IN\" xml:lang=\"EN-IN\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW45652167 BCX0\">Retraction <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW45652167 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight SCXW45652167 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-IN\" xml:lang=\"EN-IN\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW45652167 BCX0\">in academi<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW45652167 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight SCXW45652167 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-IN\" xml:lang=\"EN-IN\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW45652167 BCX0\">c publishing<\/span><\/span><\/span> and research fraud are not synonymous; in fact, according to data from the Retraction Watch blog (founded by Ivan Oransky and Adam Marcus), the majority of retractions are the result of problems with reproducibility, honest mistakes, and other issues with the articles<sup>4<\/sup>. Scientific misconduct falls into three main categories aka three cardinal sins:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Falsification<\/strong>\u00a0is the manipulation of data to support hypotheses. This includes, but is not limited to, altering images and how information is presented to change the conclusion of the study.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fabrication<\/strong>\u00a0refers to the altering and construction of data, samples, or findings during the course of the study that are inconsistent with the actual findings or data. This can also involve displaying an incomplete data set in order to infer the results.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Plagiarism<\/strong>\u00a0is defined as using someone else\u2019s work as your own while failing to properly credit the sources.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW164684817 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-IN\" xml:lang=\"EN-IN\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164684817 BCX0\">One of the most <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164684817 BCX0\">common reason<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164684817 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164684817 BCX0\"> for <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW164684817 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight SCXW164684817 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-IN\" xml:lang=\"EN-IN\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164684817 BCX0\">retraction in academic publishing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW164684817 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-IN\" xml:lang=\"EN-IN\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164684817 BCX0\"> is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164684817 BCX0\">plagiarism, which authors should check for using plagiarism detection software.<\/span><\/span> They should also always cite the original source and obtain permission before reusing previously published materials. Other such honest mistakes include incorrect sampling and data labelling, skewed statistical analysis, authorship issues, irreproducibility of data, publication of redundant findings, and inaccuracies in the data.<\/p>\n<p>To reduce the chance of a retraction in academic publishing, authors are advised to double-check these details before submitting the manuscript. The simultaneous <a href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/how-to-track-your-manuscript-submission-effectively\/\">submission of a manuscript<\/a> to multiple journals, failure to disclose conflicts of interest, transgression of ethical standards, fabrication, falsification, and self-\/plagiarism are more serious instances of scientific misconduct.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/?utm_source=contentmarketing&amp;utm_medium=r-blog&amp;utm_campaign=retractions-in-academic-publishing\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5458 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/02_RLife_BlogBanner_640x139px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"139\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/02_RLife_BlogBanner_640x139px.png 640w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/02_RLife_BlogBanner_640x139px-300x65.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Retraction_in_academic_publishing_Whats_the_cost_of_retraction_for_researchers_and_research\"><\/span><strong>Retraction in academic publishing<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><strong>What\u2019s the cost of retraction for researchers and research?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun Highlight SCXW149972980 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-IN\" xml:lang=\"EN-IN\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149972980 BCX0\">If it comes to your <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149972980 BCX0\">paper<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149972980 BCX0\">\u2019s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149972980 BCX0\"> retraction<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149972980 BCX0\">,<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149972980 BCX0\">consequences<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149972980 BCX0\"> of it on your image can be dire.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149972980 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW149972980 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-IN\" xml:lang=\"EN-IN\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149972980 BCX0\">D<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149972980 BCX0\">isputed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149972980 BCX0\"> papers<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149972980 BCX0\">\u2019<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW149972980 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight SCXW149972980 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-IN\" xml:lang=\"EN-IN\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149972980 BCX0\">retraction in academic publishing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW149972980 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-IN\" xml:lang=\"EN-IN\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149972980 BCX0\"> permanently harms the reputation of the authors involved<\/span><\/span>, whether it was intentional or unintentional misconduct. It is a common misconception that retractions in academic publishing indicate author misconduct, but this is not always the case. Due to this stigma, editors frequently face moral conundrums when deciding how to handle a contentious article.<\/p>\n<p>Retraction is a practice used to preserve the integrity of scientific literature rather than to scrutinize authors and exclude them from the community. The question of whether you can cite retracted articles now arises. What happens to research based on articles that are retracted? The authors of Retraction Watch claim that it is acceptable for other researchers to cite retracted articles if they are crucial to their research and the cited paper influenced it. The retracted article and the retraction note, which purportedly have separate DOIs and clearly identify the article as retracted, are nonetheless advised to be cited by the authors<sup>4<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_report_scientific_misconduct\"><\/span><strong>How to report scientific misconduct<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Prior to submitting your work to any journals, your first priority should be to carefully proofread your manuscripts and give your research a careful review for validity and credibility. Before beginning a study, all necessary regulatory and ethical approvals must be obtained. Cross-check the methodology and data analysis after completion, and clearly define author contributions and disclose any conflicts of interest information to reduce any potential risks of retraction. Despite this, if after publication you discover errors in your article, raise the issue by sending a letter right away to the journal&#8217;s editorial board or editor-in-chief<sup>5<\/sup>. It is crucial to let co-authors know about the circumstance and make the error crystal clear in your letter to the editor. It is the responsibility of authors, editors, publishers, and reviewers to uphold scientific integrity; as a result, it is equally crucial to report any problems you suspect may exist in the work of other authors. On a platform like <a href=\"https:\/\/pubpeer.com\/\">Pubpeer<\/a>, you can express your concern about a questionable article by leaving comments.<\/p>\n<p>If you discover unethical behavior or any other problems with an article, another way to handle this is to get in touch with the editor of the journal where the suspected paper was published. The editors then write to the institutions of the alleged author(s) to begin an independent investigation (internal). If the misconduct is established, the article is retracted and a retraction notice is published stating the reason (although the notice is not always explicit). Additionally, the listed authors can also be barred from publishing in that journal for a fixed amount of time. Though errors do occur in academic publishing and not all of them are fraudulent in nature, the objective should be to correct honest mistakes and stop willful misconduct.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"References\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Brainard, J. &amp; You, J. What a Massive Database of Retracted Papers Reveals about Science Publishing\u2019s \u2018death Penalty\u2019. Science, October 25, 2018 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/article\/what-massive-database-retracted-papers-reveals-about-science-publishing-s-death-penalty\">https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/article\/what-massive-database-retracted-papers-reveals-about-science-publishing-s-death-penalty<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Vuong, H Q. Retractions: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. What Researchers Stand to Gain from Taking More Care to Understand Errors in the Scientific Record. Impact of Social Sciences, February 20, 2020 <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/impactofsocialsciences\/2020\/02\/20\/retractions-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-what-researchers-stand-to-gain-from-taking-more-care-to-understand-errors-in-the-scientific-record\/\">https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/impactofsocialsciences\/2020\/02\/20\/retractions-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-what-researchers-stand-to-gain-from-taking-more-care-to-understand-errors-in-the-scientific-record\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Cerejo, C. What Are the Most Common Reasons for Retraction? Editage Insights, October 16, 2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/what-are-the-most-common-reasons-for-retraction\">https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/what-are-the-most-common-reasons-for-retraction<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Oransky, I. Ask Retraction Watch: Is It OK to Cite a Retracted Paper? Retraction Watch (blog), January 5, 2018 <a href=\"https:\/\/retractionwatch.com\/2018\/01\/05\/ask-retraction-watch-ok-cite-retracted-paper\/\">https:\/\/retractionwatch.com\/2018\/01\/05\/ask-retraction-watch-ok-cite-retracted-paper\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Bik, E. How to Report Misconduct to a Journal. Science Integrity Digest, July 19, 2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/scienceintegritydigest.com\/2019\/07\/16\/how-to-report-misconduct-to-a-journal\/\">https:\/\/scienceintegritydigest.com\/2019\/07\/16\/how-to-report-misconduct-to-a-journal\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Article retraction in academic publishing means removal of a published article from the journal (both from online and print channels). This is a last resort<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41,"featured_media":3079,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":0,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}","footnotes":""},"categories":[489,1],"tags":[417],"class_list":["post-3073","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-getting-published","category-researcher-life","tag-retractions-in-publishing"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Retractions in academic publishing and how it impacts researchers | Researcher.Life<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Retractions in academic publishing are a clear signal to the researcher that the validity of their paper has been brought into question. 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