{"id":2919,"date":"2022-09-08T20:21:48","date_gmt":"2022-09-08T20:21:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/?p=2919"},"modified":"2024-07-12T10:10:50","modified_gmt":"2024-07-12T10:10:50","slug":"table-and-figures-in-research-papers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/table-and-figures-in-research-papers\/","title":{"rendered":"Tables and Figures in Research Papers can Strengthen Your Work"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2920\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/pexels-lukas-590016.jpg\" alt=\"tables and figures in research papers\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2920\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/pexels-lukas-590016.jpg\" alt=\"tables and figures in research papers\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2920 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/pexels-lukas-590016.jpg\" alt=\"Tables and figures in research papers can strengthen your work\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Science r<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2920\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/pexels-lukas-590016.jpg\" alt=\"tables and figures in research papers\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/>ests on objectivity, which is derived mostly from data, and these data points are ideally presented as <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables and figures in research papers<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">. In science, you must measure or count: it is not enough to say that alloy X is a bad conductor of heat; you say that water at 80\u00b0C stored in a vacuum flask made from that alloy reached 75\u00b0C after 12 hours of storage at ambient temperature. Better yet, you plot a graph with hours on the horizontal axis (the X axis) and temperature on the vertical axis (the Y axis) to show your readers the slow decrease in temperature. That graph will be worth the proverbial thousand words. But not all numbers can be easily captured or explained, and some data need to be presented as <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables and figures in research papers<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> for better understanding.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/table-and-figures-in-research-papers\/#Choose_between_tables_and_figures_in_research_papers\" title=\"Choose between tables and figures in research papers\u00a0\">Choose between tables and figures in research papers\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/table-and-figures-in-research-papers\/#Refer_explicitly_to_each_table_and_figure_in_research_paper_text\" title=\"Refer explicitly to each table and figure in research paper text\u00a0\">Refer explicitly to each table and figure in research paper text\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/table-and-figures-in-research-papers\/#Indicate_sources_where_required\" title=\"Indicate sources where required\u00a0\">Indicate sources where required\u00a0<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Choose_between_tables_and_figures_in_research_papers\"><\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2920\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/pexels-lukas-590016.jpg\" alt=\"tables and figures in research papers\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><span data-contrast=\"none\">Choose between <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables and figures in research papers<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:40,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">If the numbers have a pattern\u2014if your data are telling a story\u2014it is better to use a graph so that readers can take in that pattern at a glance. However, then you cannot show the exact values of the variable you measured. Or you may want to show multiple variables: weather data, for instance, comprising temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, number of hours of sunshine, etc. You will need multiple figures for such data, whereas with <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables in a scientific paper<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, all you need to do is to add a few more rows or columns. Then there is the question of scale: if the values of a variable vary greatly, it is difficult to choose the right scale for a graph. Imagine you have recorded the body mass of every animal in a plot measuring 1 km\u00b2; the animals may range from ants and spiders to wolves and even elephants. No simple scale can accommodate such a range, from milligrams to tonnes, whereas <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables in a scientific paper<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> pose no such problems.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 aria-level=\"2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Refer_explicitly_to_each_table_and_figure_in_research_paper_text\"><\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Refer explicitly to each <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">table and figure in research paper<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> text<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:40,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Make it a point not only to mention the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables and figures in research paper<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">s that you write, but to also say something about each in the main text: instead of writing \u201cthe body mass of different animals is given in Table 2,\u201d write \u201cthe body mass of different animals varied greatly (Table 2).\u201d You are thus priming your readers before they turn to the relevant <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables and figures in research papers<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Incidentally, the word \u201cfigure\u201d is used broadly, but irrespective of the kind of illustration (whether a map, a diagram, a photograph, or a flow chart, etc.)\u2014number all these in one sequence, referring to them as Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and so on. Note also that some journals prefer the abbreviated form whereas other journals spell it out (Figure 1, Figure 2, and so on).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">You should also be careful with numbering while working on the post-peer review version of your manuscript. For example, the reviewers may have suggested that you add or remove some figure(s) or table(s): in that case, make sure <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables and figures in research paper<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">s are renumbered accordingly.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life?utm_source=contentmarketing&amp;utm_medium=r-blog&amp;utm_campaign=table-and-figures-in-research-papers\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4508 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Banner-2_Write-and-Publish.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"139\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Banner-2_Write-and-Publish.png 640w, https:\/\/blog.researcher.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Banner-2_Write-and-Publish-300x65.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 aria-level=\"2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Indicate_sources_where_required\"><\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Indicate sources where required<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:40,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The convention is that if no source is given for <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables and figures in research papers<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, it is assumed that the author of the research paper is the source. Therefore, skip the source if the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables and figures in research paper<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">s you are writing are based on your own data. However, if you have borrowed the data, always mention the source or sources, as applicable. If you have modified the original research paper\u2019s figure or have added more columns or rows, acknowledge this by saying \u201cadapted from\u201d or \u201cmodified from.\u201d Note that even if you re-use or adapt <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables and figures in research papers<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> you\u2019ve previously published yourself, you will need to cite the source, the way you would cite your own paper in the main text if you were referring to it.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Avoid blank cells in a table<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">It is possible that for some cells within <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables in your scientific paper<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, you lack the required data: the recording device did not run because of power outage, for example, or the variable in question simply does not exist (the length of the coastline for Switzerland, for example). In such cases, use<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u202fNot available<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u202for<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u202fNot applicable<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">, as the case may be (avoid NA, because it is ambiguous). If readers see blank cells in <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables in scientific papers<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, they have no means of knowing whether the author simply forgot to fill in the values or the cells are blank because the relevant data were not available or not applicable.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Align columns correctly<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">A column of numbers in the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables in scientific papers<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> can be aligned in different ways: right aligned, left aligned, aligned on the decimal point, centre aligned, and even justified. However, the choice is governed by clear conventions. To begin with, forget the last two options: never choose either \u201cjustified\u201d or \u201ccentred\u201d alignment.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">This narrows it down to three choices for <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables in research<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> and is governed by how the numbers within a column are related. If all the numbers share a common unit and all are whole numbers, align them to the right; if they share a common unit but are decimal numbers, line them up on the decimal point; if they do not share a common unit (one row refers to body mass, another refers to length, a third one tells you the frequency with which the animal is found in the sampling area, etc.), align them to the left to emphasize that they share no arithmetical relationship. When creating <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables in scientific papers<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, it is wrong to line the numbers up as you would if you were going to give a total at the bottom (keeping tens below the tens, hundreds below the hundreds, and so on).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Indicate scale in pictures of unfamiliar objects<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">In photomicrographs, it is customary to include a short line or rule (a scale bar) that shows its length (in micrometres, nanometres, etc.) so that viewers looking at the research paper figure have an idea of the size of the object (a cell, a spore, the width of an opening, or whatever). However, imagine somebody who has never seen grapes looking at the picture of a bunch of grapes: how can the person tell the approximate size when there is nothing to compare it against? A simple solution in this case is to show the bunch nestling in someone\u2019s palm: that way, one can judge the approximate size of the unknown object reasonably well.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Proofread <\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables and figures in research papers<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\"> carefully before submission<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Using <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables and figures in research papers<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> can add value to your work, but only if you present them well, keeping in mind some of the points mentioned in this article. Remember to always run a thorough proofread to identify any inaccuracies and inconsistencies in the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables and figures in research paper<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">. And as a final check, run your paper through\u202f<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/?utm_source=contentmarketing&amp;utm_medium=r-blog&amp;utm_campaign=tables_figures_can_strengthen_your-work\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">My Research Projects<\/span><\/b><\/a><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">a full-suite manuscript assessment tool from Researcher.Life, which helps you make your manuscript ready for submission.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">My Research Projects assesses a manuscript by running multiple checks, including those for language quality, relevance of references, structural completeness, <a href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/ethical-declarations-for-journal-submission\/\">ethical declarations<\/a>, and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables and figures in research paper<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">s. It checks whether all the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables and figures in a research paper<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> are cited in the main text, whether they are numbered sequentially, and whether all the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables and figures in research paper<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> have accompanying captions. It also flags any discrepancies for the author to resolve.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Click\u202f<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/?utm_source=contentmarketing&amp;utm_medium=r-blog&amp;utm_campaign=tables_figures_can_strengthen_your-work\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">here<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u202f<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"none\">to find out more about how My Research Projects and Researcher.Life can help check <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">tables and figures in research papers<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> among other key parameters to make your manuscript submission-ready.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Editage All Access<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> is a subscription-based platform that unifies the best AI tools and services designed to speed up, simplify, and streamline every step of a researcher\u2019s journey. The <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/?utm_source=contentmarketing&amp;utm_medium=rblog&amp;utm_campaign=table-and-figures-in-research-papers-boilerplate\"><b><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Editage All Access Pack<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/a> <i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">is a one-of-a-kind subscription that unlocks full access to an AI writing assistant, literature recommender, journal finder, scientific illustration tool, and exclusive discounts on professional publication services from Editage.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Based on 22+ years of experience in academia, <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Editage All Access<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> empowers researchers to put their best research forward and move closer to success. Explore our top AI Tools pack, AI Tools + Publication Services pack, or Build Your Own Plan. Find everything a researcher needs to succeed, all in one place \u2013\u202f<\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/all-access-pricing?utm_source=contentmarketing&amp;utm_medium=rblog&amp;utm_campaign=table-and-figures-in-research-papers-boilerplate\"><b><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Get All Access now starting at just <\/span><\/i><\/b><b><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">$14<\/span><\/i><\/b><b><i><span data-contrast=\"none\"> a month<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/a><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">!<\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Science rests on objectivity, which is derived mostly from data, and these data points are ideally presented as tables and figures in research papers. In<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":2920,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":0,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}","footnotes":""},"categories":[488,1,490],"tags":[363],"class_list":["post-2919","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-academic-writing","category-researcher-life","category-science-communication","tag-table-and-figures-in-research-papers"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Table and Figures in Research Papers | Researcher.Life<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Adding tables and figures in research papers can add value to your work, but only if you present them well. 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